Recent publications

This section is updated regularly. For a list of all publications please check below

(2026) Fashion fades, microplastics are eternal: a critical systematic literature review to assess microplastic fibre colours in environmental samples

Microplastic pollution is a growing environmental concern that requires assessment of a range of parameters. Colour remains a largely overlooked parameter in environmental monitoring, yet a potentially important one from a biological perspective. This systematic review covers 80 peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2020, and addresses microplastic fibres colours across diverse environmental compartments: air, water, sediment and biota. Our analysis reveals that transparent/translucent (T&T), blue, black, and white fibres are the most frequently reported colours globally, with notable variation across environmental compartments and geographical regions. Blue fibres were predominant in biota (32.8%) and water (28.3%), while T&T fibres were prevalent in sediments (35.2%), and yellow fibres in air (27.4%). Europe and Asia showed the highest colour variability. Spatial patterns emerged with blue fibres more commonly reported in North and South America and Oceania, and red and green fibres being predominant in the African continent. No link was found between fashion colour trends and fibre colours in the environment. Our findings highlight data gaps in methodologies and reporting, particularly in distinguishing between synthetic and natural fibres. Given the relevance of colour in ecological interactions and in pollutants traceability, employing standardised colour categorisation methodologies can improve the reliability of environmental monitoring efforts.

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(2026) Investigating the driving factors of marine litter and microplastic accumulation on beaches in the West of Ireland

Marine litter (ML) and microplastics (MPs) are contaminants of emerging concern threatening coastal ecosystems. This preliminary study assessed the accumulation of ML and MPs at two beaches (Fanore and Silverstrand beaches) on the West coast of Ireland, over three consecutive days in July 2024. Sampling was conducted along the spring and lower high tide lines (AC1 and AC2) and outside the accumulation area (OAC), following adapted OSPAR guidelines for marine litter. Marine litter items were categorised by type and size, while MPs were extracted from sediments and analysed using visual inspection and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Fanore consistently exhibited higher ML and MP accumulation compared to Silverstrand. While day variations in litter abundance were observed, statistical tests showed no statistical significant differences in total ML abundance or type distribution between beaches. Despite this, Fanore revealed a 48 % increase in ML accumulation overall. Microplastic concentrations were also significantly higher at Fanore, particularly in AC2. Ropes, fragments and fibres were the dominant litter and MP types, suggesting marine based-sources. Variability in MP concentrations, particularly at Fanore, reflects the influence of local geomorphology and hydrodynamics playing a more relevant role in accumulation. These preliminary findings underscore the need to assess accumulation rates while monitoring ML and MPs, particularly when reporting data for descriptor 10 of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.

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2020s

  • The Atlas Project

  • The Echo Project

  • The Brightline Project

  • The Northgrid Project

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2010s

  • De Haan et al., 2026

  • The Echo Project

  • The Brightline Project

  • The Northgrid Project

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Peer-reviewed Papers

Pagter, E., Frias, J, Kavanagh, F; Nash, R., (2020). Differences in microplastic abundances within demersal communities highlight the importance of an ecosystem-based approach to microplastic monitoring. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 160, November 2020, 111644

Pagter, E., Frias, J.P.G.L, Kavanagh, F; Nash, R., (2020). Varying levels of microplastics in benthic sediments within a shallow coastal embayment. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science. Volume 243, 30 September 2020, 106915

Frias, J.P.G.L, Lyashevska, O., Joyce, H., Pagter, E., Nash, R., (2020). Floating microplastics in a coastal embayment: A multifaceted issue. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 111361

Pham, C., Pereira, J. M., Frias, J.P.G.L, Ríos, N., Carriço, R., Juliano, M., Rodríguez, Y. (2020). Beaches of the Azores archipelago as a transitory repository for small plastic fragments floating in the North-East Atlantic. Environmental Pollution, 114494.

Darragh Doyle, João Frias, Róisín Nash, Martin Gammell (2020). Current environmental microplastic levels do not alter emergence behaviour in the intertidal gastropod Littorina littorea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 151, 110859.

Jenevieve Hara, João Frias, Róisín Nash (2020). Quantification of microplastic ingestion by the decapod crustacean Nephrops norvegicus from Irish waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 152, 110905.

Darragh Doyle, Martin Gammell, João Frias, Gráinne Griffin, Róisín Nash (2019). Low levels of microplastics recorded from the common periwinkle, Littorina littorea on the west coast of Ireland. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 149, 110645.

Kanhai, L.D., Johansson, C., Frias JPGL, Gardfeldt, K., Thompson, R. C., O’Connor, I., (2019). Deep sea sediments of the Arctic Central Basin: A potential sink for microplastics. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers.

Frias JPGL,Nash, R. (2019). Microplastics: Finding a consensus on the definition. Marine Pollution Bulletin 138, pp., 145-147.

Pagter, E., Frias, J., Nash, R. (2018). Microplastics in Galway Bay: A comparison of sampling and separation methods. Marine Pollution Bulletin 135, pp. 932-940.

Rios, N., Frias JPGL, Rodriguez, Y., Carriço, R., Garcia, S., Juliano, M., Pham, C. (2018) Spatio-temporal variability of beached macro-litter on remote islands of the North Atlantic. Marine Pollution Bulletin 133, pp. 304-311. 

Antunes, J., Frias, J., Sobral, P., (2018). Microplastics on the Portuguese Coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin 131, 294-302.

Bessa, F., Barría P, Neto J.M., Frias JPGL, Otero V., Sobral P, Marques JC, (2018).  Ocurrence of microplastics in commercial fish from a natural estuarine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 128, pp. 575-584

Pham, C., Rodríguez, Y., Dauphin, A., Carriço, R., Frias, J.P.G.L, Vandeperre, F., Otero, V., Santos, M. R., Martins, H. R., Bolten, A. B., (2017). Plastic ingestion in oceanic-stage loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) off the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. Marine Pollution Bulletin.

Frias JPGL, Gago J, Otero V, Sobral P, (2016). Microplastics in coastal sediments from Southern Portuguese shelf waters. Marine Environmental Research, 114: 24–30.

Frias JPGL, Otero V, Sobral P, (2014). Evidence of microplastics in samples of zooplankton from Portuguese coastal waters. Marine Environmental Research, 95: 89-95.

Antunes, J.C., Frias, J.P.G.L., Micaelo, A. C., Sobral, P., (2013). Resin pellets from beaches of the Portuguese coast and adsorbed persistent organic pollutants. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 130: 62-69.

Mizukawa, K., Takada, H., Ito, M., Bee Geok, Y., Hosoda, J., Yamashita, R., Saha, M., Suzuki, S., Miguez, C., Frias, J., Antunes, J. C., Sobral, P., Santos, I., Micaelo, C., Ferreira, A. M. (2013). Monitoring of a wide range of organic micropollutants on the Portuguese coast using plastic resin pellets. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 70: 296-302.

Frias, J.P.G.L., Antunes, J. C., Sobral, P., (2013). Local marine litter survey – A case study in Alcobaça municipality, Portugal. Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management, 13 (2): 169-179.

Frias, J., Martins J., Sobral, P. (2011). Research in plastic marine debris in mainland Portugal. Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management, 11 (1): 145-148.

Frias, J., Sobral, P., Ferreira, A.M. (2010). Organic pollutants in microplastics from two beaches of the Portuguese coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60: 1988-1992.

 

Technical reports

Filipa Bessa, João P.G.L. Frias, Tanja Knögel, Amy Lusher, Jose Manuel Andrade, Joana Antunes, Paula Sobral, Elena Pagter, Róisín Nash, Ian O’Connor, Maria Luiza Pedrotti, Maria Emmanuelle Kerros, Victor León, Valentina Tirelli, Giuseppe Suaria, Clara Lopes, Joana Raimundo, Miguel Caetano, Jesús Gago, Lucía Viñas, Olga Carretero, Kerstin Magnusson, Maria Granberg, Rachid Dris, Marten Fischer, Barbara Scholz-Böttcher, Soledad Muniategui, Gloria Grueiro, Verónica Fernández, Luca Palazzo, Andrea de Lucia, Andrea Camedda, Carlo Giacomo Avio, Stefania Gorbi, Lucia Pittura, Francesco Regoli, Gunnar Gerdts (2019). Harmonized Protocol for monitoring microplastics in biota‍ ‍JPI-Oceans BASEMAN project.

Ana Filgueras, Jesus Gago, Maria Luiza Pedrotti, Guiseppe Suaria, Valentina Tirelli, Jose Andrade, João P.G.L. Frias, Róisín Nash, Ian O’Connor, Clara Lopes, Miguel Caetano, Joana Raimundo, Olga Carretero, Lucia Vinas, Joana Antunes, Filipa Bessa, Paula Sobral, Alenka Goruppi, Stefano Aliani, Luca Palazzo, Giuseppe Andrea de Lucia, Andrea Camedda, Soledad Muniategui, Gloria Gruceiro, Veronica Fernandez, Gunnar Gerdts, (2019). Standardised protocol for monitoring microplastics in seawater      JPI-Oceans BASEMAN project.

João P.G.L. Frias, Elena Pagter, Róisín Nash, Ian O’Connor, Olga Carretero, Ana Filgueiras, Jesus Gago, Joana Antunes, Filipa Bessa, Paula Sobral, Alenka Goruppi, Valentina Tirelli, Maria Luiza Pedrotti, Giuseppe Suaria, Stefano Aliani, Clara Lopes, Joana Raimundo, Miguel Caetano, Luca Palazzo, Giuseppe Andrea de Lucia, Andrea Camedda, Soledad Muniategui, Gloria Grueiro, Veronica Fernandez, José Andrade, Rachid Dris, Christian Laforsch, Barbara M. Scholz-Böttcher, Gunnar Gerdts, (2018). Standardised protocol for monitoring microplastics in sediments.       JPI-Oceans BASEMAN project.

Carretero, O., Frias, JPGL, Pereiro, D., Lopes, C., Antunes, J., Andrade, J., Camedda, A., Goruppi, A., de Lucia, G, A., Pedrotti, M. L., Sobral, P., Caetano, M., Tirelli, V., Nash, R., Gago, J., (2017) WP4: Microplastic sampling comparison. 

Pham, C.K.; Dâmaso, C.; Frias, J.; Rodríguez, Y.; Carriço, R.; Ríos, N., Cruz, M.J (2016). Establishing a baseline on marine litter in the Azores (Azorlit): Final technical report. Horta, Faial, Portugal. IMAR-MARE, Departamento de Oceanografia e Pescas da Universidade dos Açores: 119 pp.

Frias, J., Antunes, J. Sobral, P. (2013). Relatório de Estado de Poluição Marinha por Plásticos no Município de Alcobaça. FCT-UNL, Lisboa. 35p. (Report on the state of plastic marine pollution in the Alcobaça Municipality, in Portuguese).

 

Book Chapters

Frias, Joao, (2020). Sorption of potentially toxic elements to microplastics. Handbook of Microplastics in the Environment. Springer. Submitted

Barboza, L. G. A., Frias J. P. G. L., Booth, A. M., Vieira, L. R., Masura, J., Baker, J., Foster, G., Guilhermino, L. (2018). World Seas: An Environmental Evaluation. 2nd Edition. Chapter 18 - Marine Pollution by Microplastics: Environmental Contamination, Biological Effects, and Research Challenges. Volume III: Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts. Academic Press. Paperback ISBN: 9780128050521. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805052-1.00020-6

Thesis

Darragh Doyle, João Frias, Róisín Nash, Martin Gammell (2019). Current environmental microplastic levels do not alter emergence behaviour in the intertidal gastropod Littorina littorea. PhD URL: https://research.thea.ie/handle/20.500.12065/2944

Proceeding of International meetings with referee

Bessa, F., Barría P., Neto, J.M., Frias, JPGL, Otero, V., Sobral, P., Marques, J.C. (2018). Microplastics in juvenile commercial fish from a natural estuarine environment, from the book: Proceedings of the International Conference on Microplastic Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea. Springer Water

Frias, JPGL., Carriço, R., Rodriguez, Y., Rios, N., Garcia, S., Pham., C. (2017). Marine Litter Accumulation in the Azorean Archipelago: Azorlit Preliminary Data. Micro 2016. Fate and Impact of Microplastics in Marine Ecosystems - from the coastline to the Open Sea. pp. 48. 

GESAMP (2010), Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection); Bowmer, T. and Kershaw, P.J., 2010 (Eds.), Proceedings of the GESAMP International Workshop on plastic particles as a vector in transporting persistent, bio-accumulating and toxic substances in the oceans. GESAMP Rep. Stud. No. 82, 68pp.

Sobral, P., Antunes, J., Frias, J. (2014). Microplastics – A never-ending story. in "Marine litter in the Mediterranean and Black Seas". [F.Briand,ed.] CIESM -Mediterranean Science Commission Workshop Monograph n°46. CIESM Publisher, Monaco. p. 125-136. 

Sobral, P., Antunes, J., Ferraz, M., Ferro, F., Frias, J., Raposo, I. P., Quaresma, S., Louro, P., Oliveira, M., (2015). Marine litter: An issue with no borders – Portuguese Partnership on Marine Litter. ISSN: 2183-5322. Portuguese Marine Litter Association (APLM), Monte de Caparica, Portugal.

 

Posters

(2020) Frias, J.P.G.L, Lyashevska, O., Joyce, H., Pagter, E., Nash, R.. Is wind a good proxy for floating microplastics? A case study in Galway Bay, Ireland. MICRO2020, Arrecife, Lanzarote, Canary Islands (23rd-27th November 2020). Held online this year due to the coronavirus outbreak in Europe.

(2020) Frias, J., O’Connor, I., Nash, R.. Marine plastic litter in Ireland - Past, present & future. Connacht-Ulster Alliance (CUA) Research Symposium, Sligo, Ireland (17th January 2020)

(2018) Frias, J., O’Connor, I., Nash, R.. Standardised Protocol for Monitoring Microplastics in Sediments. MICRO2018, Arrecife, Lanzarote, Canary Islands (19th-23rd November 2018)

(2018) Pagter, E., Stornan, O., Keegan, S., Frias, J., Kavanagh F., Nash, R.,. Microplastics in Galway Bay: A preliminary Study. MICRO2018, Arrecife, Lanzarote, Canary Islands (19th-23rd November 2018)

(2018) Pagter, E., Frias, J., Kavanagh F., O’Connor, I., Nash, R.. Influence of sampling techniques and density separation methods on the quantification of benthic microplastics. Sixth International Marine Debris Conference, San Diego California, U.S.A. (12th-16th March 2018)

(2018) Frias, J., Pagter, E., O’Connor, I., Nash, R.,. Reducing the risk of cross-contamination through defining a standard operating procedure (SOP) for microplastic sampling, processing and identification. Sixth International Marine Debris Conference, San Diego California, U.S.A. (12th-16th March 2018)

(2018) Louro, P., Frias, J., Silva, F., Antunes, J., Quaresma, S., Ferro, F., Raposo, I., Sobral., P. Portuguese Partnership on Marine Litter – Achievements and call for action. Sixth International Marine Debris Conference, San Diego California, U.S.A. (12th-16th March 2018)

(2017) Frias, J., Nash, R., Carretero, O., Viñas, L., Gago, J., Lopes, C., Raimundo, J., Caetano, M., Antunes, J., Bessa, F., Sobral, P., Muniategui, S., Gueiro, G., Fernández, V., Andrade, J., Pedrotti, M. L., Lucia, G. A., Camedda, A., Palazzo, L., Tirelli, V., Suaria, G., Aliani, S., Haikonen, K., Magnusson, K., Mattsson K., Hassellöv, M., Kögel, T., Gerdts, G., (2017). Sampling methodologies for microplastics in the marine environment (WP4). 2nd JPI‑Oceans Conference. Lisbon, Portugal, 26th October.

(2016) Rodríguez. Y., Frias J.P.G.L., Carriço, R., Neves, V., Bried, J., Franeker, J., Pham, C.. Monitoring plastic ingestion in selected Azorean marine fauna: Azorlit preliminary data. Poster 101934. MICRO 2016: Fate and impact of microplastics in marine ecosystems from the coastline to the open sea. Lanzarote, Spain, 25-27th May.

(2016) Carriço, R., Frias J.P.G.L., Rodríguez, Y., Rios, N., Cruz, M. J., Dâmaso, C., Pham, C.. Tackling marine litter: Awareness and outreach in the Azores. Poster 103441. MICRO 2016: Fate and impact of microplastics in marine ecosystems from the coastline to the open sea. Lanzarote, Spain, 25‑27th May.

(2013) Frias, J. Sobral, P.. Characterization of Marine Debris on the Portuguese Coast and Implementation of Best Practices to Reduce Impacts, Second Conference on Global Land-Ocean Connections (GLOC-2) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), in Jamaica, 2-4th October.

(2012) Sobral, P Antunes, J., Frias, J., Sobral P., Micaelo, C., Ferreira, AM.. Plastic marine debris and persistent organic pollutants along the Portuguese coast: How much and how many? Abstracts of the 97th Ecological Society of America-ESA Meeting, Portland, OR. USA. 6-10 August.

(2011) Frias J.P.G.L., Sobral, P., Ferreira, A.M.. Organic pollutants adsorbed to microplastics debris from two beaches of the Portuguese Coast. Poster extended abstracts from the 5th International Marine Debris Conference, Honolulu, Hawai, USA. p. 117-120. 20-25th March.

(2010) Martins, J, Sobral, P. Frias, J., . Plastic debris accumulation in the West coast of Portugal. 47th ECSA Meeting. Figueira da Foz, 14-19th September.

 

Invited talks, oral presentations and lectures

(2019) Frias, J., Sample collection for microplastic analysis. PhD Course - Microplastic analysis applying µFTIR imaging, ATR-FTIR and other techniques. Aalborg, Denmark (26th November 2019)

(2019) Pagter, E., Frias, J., Kavanagh, F., Nash, R.. Microplastics in Galway Bay: Preliminary results from the benthos. Environ 2019 - Engagement for Climate Action, Carlow, Ireland (15th-17th April 2019).

(2018) Frias JPGL, Nash, R.,. Standardised methodologies: Challenges of implementation. Final JPI-Oceans meeting. Arrecife, Lanzarote, Canary Islands (19th-23rd November 2018)

(2018) Rodrigues, Y, Rios, N., Frias JPGL, Pham, CK, et al.. Monitoring plastic pollution in the Azores archipelago: from surface down to the deep seafloor and in biota. MICRO2018, Arrecife, Lanzarote, Canary Islands (19th-23rd November 2018)

(2018) Frias JPGL, Gerdts, G.. Defining the baselines and standards for microplastics analyses in European waters (JPI-O BASEMAN). (2018) Sixth International Marine Debris Conference, San Diego California, U.S.A. (12th-16th March 2018)

(2018) Pham, CK, Frias JPGL, Rodrigues, Y, Carriço, R., et al.. Impacts of plastic pollution in the North Altantic subtropical gyre. Sixth International Marine Debris Conference, San Diego California, U.S.A. (12th-16th March 2018)

(2017) Bessa F, Barria P, Neto JM, Frias JPGL, Otero V, Sobral P, Marques JC.  Microplastics in juvenile commercial fish from a natural estuarine environment. International Conference on Microplastic Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea. Capri, Italy, (26-29th September 2017)

(2017) Frias J.P.G.L.,. Marine litter: an issue with no borders. GMIT (September 29th 2017)

(2016) Bessa F, Barria P, Neto JM, Frias JPGL, Otero V, Sobral P, Marques JC. Extração e identificação de microplásticos em peixes no ambiente estuarino. MICROPLÁSTICOS 2016 – 1º Congresso Português sobre Microplásticos: Contaminação Ambiental por Microplásticos e suas Implicações para a Saúde dos Ecossistemas, Animal e Humana. Porto, Portugal, (19-20th December,).

(2016) Frias J.P.G.L.. 90 Segundos de Ciência - EP. 1 – Plástico no mar dos Açores ameaça a vida marinha. 

(2016) Pham, C., Frias J.P.G.L., Carriço, R., Rodríguez, Y.. Monitorização de microplásticos na orla costeira do arquipélago dos Açores. MICROPLÁSTICOS 2016 (1st , 19th and 20th December.

(2016) Pham, C., Frias J.P.G.L., Carriço, R., Rodríguez, Y., Cruz, M. J., Ríos, N., Dâmaso, C.. Azorlit - Estabelecimento de pontos de referência para o lixo marinho nos Açores. Conferência Portuguesa sobre Lixo Marinho (1st ed.), 15th-17th September.

(2016) Frias J.P.G.L., Carriço, R., Rodríguez, Y., Pham, C.. Aprendendo com os erros: Adaptando metodologias para estimar o lixo marinho. Conferência Portuguesa sobre Lixo Marinho (1st ed.), 15th-17th September.

(2016) Frias J.P.G.L., Carriço, R., Rodríguez, Y., Rios, N., Garcia, S., Pham, C.. Marine litter accumulation in the Azorean archipelago: Azorlit preliminary data. Session VIIh. MICRO 2016: Fate and impact of microplastics in marine ecosystems from the coastline to the open sea. Lanzarote, Spain, 25-27th May.

(2016) Frias J.P.G.L., Sobral, P.. O lixo marinho na CPLP – Respostas Nacionais e Regionais para um problema glocal. East Timor, 15-18th May.

(2014) Frias J.P.G.L., Guest speaker on RTP Sociedade Civil (VIII) show. Portugal, 1st January. Full show in Portuguese available here.

(2014) Frias J.P.G.L., MARLISCO National Forum on Marine Litter. Member of the Panel on behalf of APLM. Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Portugal, 24th October

(2014) Frias J.P.G.L., Sobral, P., (2014) - 2nd International Ocean Research Conference (2IORC) with the oral presentation: “Biomarker effects of the ingestion of different concentrations of microplastic particles by Mytilus galloprovincialis (Linnaeus, 1758)”, Abstracts from the 2nd International Ocean Research Conference. Barcelona, Spain. 17-21st November.

(2013) Frias, J.P.G.L., TEDx FCTUNL. Plastic Pollution - Water we doing?  4th October.

(2013) Frias, J., Sobral, P.. Distribution of Persistent Bioaccumulative and Toxic Chemicals in Plastic Pellets in Portugal - Collaboration with the International Pellet Watch (IPW), Abstracts from the International Coastal Symposium-ICS2013 Plymouth, 8-12th April

(2012)  Frias, J., Sobral, P. (2012). Plastic vs. plankton – a struggle with no end in sight. Abstracts of 50th Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association Conference - ECSA50, Venice, Italy 3-7th June.

(2012) Antunes, J., Frias, J., Sobral P., Micaelo, C., Santos, I.. Plastic marine debris from beaches of the Portuguese coast: size distribution and concentration of persistent organic pollutants in resin pellets. Abstracts of the 50th Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association - ECSA50, Venice, Italy. 3-7 June.

(2011) Frias, J., Sobral, P.. Temporal analysis of microplastic concentrations in plankton samples. Abstracts of the 12th European Ecological Federation Congress, Ávila, Spain. 25-29 September.

(2011) Martins, J., Frias, J., Sobral, P.. Plastic marine debris in the Portuguese Coastline. Oral extended abstracts from the 5th International Marine Debris Conference, Honolulu, Hawai, USA. p. 218-221. 20-25th March

(2010) Frias, J. Sobral, P, Ferreira, A.M.. Organic pollutants in microplastics from two beaches of the Portuguese coast. Abstracts of the 47th Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association Meeting- ECSA47. Figueira da Foz, Portugal. 14-19th September.

(2010) Frias, J. Sobral, P, Ferreira, A.M.. Poluição por plásticos em duas praias portuguesas. 12 Encontro Nacional de Ecologia. Porto.

(2010) Frias J.P.G.L., Sobral, P., Ferreira, A.M.. Microplastics: the poisoned "present”. Abstracts of the 3rd International Conference on Coastal Conservation and Management - ICCCM, Estoril, Portugal, 11-14th April.